The american pageant 12th edition chapter 13 key terms

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Cotton prices were falling and land was growing scarce. Southerners sold their cotton and other products without tariffs, while the products that they bought were heavily taxed.

The South said all tariffs did for them was hike up prices. Tariffs led the U. John C. However, South Carolina was alone in this nullification threat, since Andrew Jackson had been elected two weeks earlier, and was expected to sympathize with the South against the tariff.

In the elections of , the Nullies came out with a two-thirds majority over the Unionists, met in the state legislature, and declared the Tariff of to be void within S. They also threatened with secession against the Union, causing a huge problem.

President Jackson issued a ringing proclamation against S. To compromise and prevent Jackson from crushing S. The Tariff of narrowly squeezed through Congress.

Finally, S. The Trail of Tears By , the U. Federal policy officially was to acquire land from the Indians through formal treaties, but too many times, they were tricked. Many people respected the Indians, though, and tried to Christianize them. Some Indians violently resisted, but the Cherokees were among the few that tried to adopt the Americans ways, adopting a system of settled agriculture, devising an alphabet, legislating legal code in , and adopting a written constitution in Jackson, though, still harbored some sentiment of Indians, and proposed that they be bodily transferred west of the Mississippi, where they could preserve the culture, and in , Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, in which Indians were moved to Oklahoma.

Also, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was established in to deal with Indians. In , in Illinois and Wisconsin, the Sauk and Fox tribes revolted but were crushed.

From to , the Seminoles waged guerrilla warfare against the U. To Jackson and westerners, the BUS was simply a tool of the rich to get richer. Farmers out west wanted paper money which caused inflation, and enabled them to more easily pay off their debts.

Jackson and westerners saw the BUS and eastern banks as being in a conspiracy to keep the common man down economically. This conspiracy was carried out through hard money and debt. Nicholas Biddle cleverly lent U.

However, the bank was financially sound, reduced bank failures, issued sound notes, promoted economic expansion by making abundant credit, and was a safe depository for the funds of the Washington government. It was highly important and useful, though sometimes not necessarily pure and wholesome. He failed to realize that the West held more power now, not the East. The veto amplified the power of the president by ignoring the Supreme Court and aligned the West against the East.

However, a new third party, the Anti-Masonic Party, made its entrance for the first time. While sharing Jacksonian ideals, they were against Jackson, a Mason. Also for the first time, national conventions were held to nominate candidates. Jackson won, and in , the BUS breathed its last breath, but because it had been the only source of sure credit in the United States, hard times fell upon the West once the BUS died, since the wildcat banks were very unreliable.

The Birth of the Whigs Under Jackson, the modern two-party system of politics came to be. Once formed, American would have at least two major political parties thenceforth. The Whigs suffered from disorganization. They tried to offer a favorite son candidate from each section of the country—their hopes were that no one would win a majority of electoral votes, the election would thus be thrown to the House of Representatives, and they could win there.

Their scheme failed, and van Buren won. Failures of wheat crops caused by the Hessian fly also worsened the situation, and the failure of two large British Banks in had already started the panic going. The Whigs proposed expansion of bank credit, higher tariffs, and subsidies for internal improvements, but Van Buren spurned such ideas. The next year, the victorious Whigs repealed it, but in , it was brought back; it finally merged with the Federal Reserve System in the next century.

Gone to Texas Americans continued to covet Texas, and in , after Mexico had gained independence from Spain, Stephen Austin had made an agreement with the Mexican government to bring about families into a huge tract of granted land to settle. The stipulations were: 1 they must become Mexican citizens, 2 they must become Catholic, and 3 no slavery allowed.

These stipulations were largely ignored by the new settlers. In , Mexico freed its slaves and prohibited them in Texas, much to the anger of citizens. In , Stephen Austin went to Mexico City to clear up differences and was jailed for 8 months. In , dictator Santa Anna started to raise an army to suppress the Texans; the next year, they declared their independence. After armed conflict and slaughters at the Alamo and at Goliad, Texan war cries rallied citizens, volunteers, and soldiers, and the turning point came after Sam Houston led his army for 37 days eastward, then turned on the Mexicans, taking advantage of their siesta hour, wiping them out, and capturing Santa Anna.

The treaty he was forced to sign was later negated by him on grounds that the treaty was extorted under duress. Texas was supported in their war by the United States, but Jackson was hesitant to formally recognize Texas as an independent nation until he had secured Martin Van Buren as his successor, but after he succeeded, Jackson did indeed recognize Texas on his last day before he left office, in Many Texans wanted to become part of the Union, but the slavery issue blocked this.

The end was an unsettled predicament in which Texans feared the return of Santa Anna. Log Cabins and Hard Cider of In , William Harrison was nominated due to his being issueless and enemyless, with John Tyler as his running mate. He had only been popular from Tippecanoe and the Battle of the Thames Basically, the election was a protest against the hard times of the era.

Politics for the People When the Federalists had dominated, democracy was not respected, but by the s, it was widely appealing. Politicians now had to bend to appease and appeal to the masses, and the popular ones were the ones who claimed to be born in log cabins and had humble backgrounds.

Those who were aristocratic too clean, too well-dressed, too grammatical, to highly intellectual were scorned. Jacksonian Democracy said that whatever governing that was to be done should be done directly by the people. This time was called the New Democracy, and was based on universal white manhood suffrage. In , Vermont became the first state admitted to the union to allow all white males to vote in the elections.