Hyptis suaveolens pdf

Leaves cm long and cm wide are oppositely arranged and borne on petioles that are mm long. Leaves are ovate egg-shaped , elliptic oval , or slightly cordate heart-shaped. Margins are shallowly toothed and pubescent. Flowers are small mm long , pinkish, bluish-purple or lavender in colour and arranged at the axils in flowered clusters. Pedicels are mm long.

Flowers are tubular in appearance with two 'lips' two-lipped or bi-labiate. The upper lip is divided into two lobes and the lower lip divided into three lobes. The central lobe is saccate having an inflated appearance. These flowers are surrounded by a green tubular structure that is formed from the five fused sepals i. It has five lobes, each being topped with a short bristle about 5 mm long , and turns brown in colour after the flower dies. The fruit is a schizocarp lobed structure that divides into two 'seeds' mericarps.

These 'seeds' mm long and 2. They are flattened, shield-shaped and slightly rough in texture. This species originates from the Neotropics, from Central America and the West Indies south to about the tropic of Capricorn. It has been introduced to the tropics and subtropics of the world including some Pacific Islands , where it has become widely naturalized.

Padalia et al. The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report. Although the exact year of its introduction is not known, in Australia, this species was first recorded in Cullen et al.

It is spreading in India Padalia et al. This species is common in wetter tropical regions, but it can also occurs in sub-tropical and semi-arid environments. It is a weed of roadsides and cultivation, pastures, rangelands, grasslands, open woodlands, riverbanks, floodplains, coastal regions, disturbed sites, and waste areas. In India, it is found along rail tracks and roadsides, in foothills of open forests, forest clearings, and on wasteland particularly on arid and rocky substrates Raizada, It occurs at altitudes ranging from 0 to m Standley and Steyermark, This species competes for space and nutrients with groundnuts Arachis hypogaea Parsons and Cuthbertson, In controlled trials, it has also shown allopathic properties that inhibit the growth of wheat Triticum aestivum finger millet Eleusine coracana Poornima et al.

The chromosome number reported for H. Reproductive Biology. The flowers of this species offer nectar and pollen to foraging visitors Aluri, Insects, specially bees Trigona spp. Anthers are explosively liberated from the corolla lower lip upon visitation of pollinators, which in turn results in self- and cross-pollination Aluri, Seed production is very high Raizada, Physiology and Phenology. Vegetative growth in H. Growth is rapid, and flowering can start at an early age of months Raizada, Seeds are protected in spined burrs within small nutlets.

The dimorphic seeds, combined with the wide range of germination temperatures, means that germination occurs throughout the year Raizada, However, under favourable conditions, it may overwinter and support new growth from the base of the plant as a short-lived perennial Cullen et al.

Seeds can remain dormant for many years in the soil until suitable germination conditions arise PIER, Activity Patterns.

This species flowers from late summer through until late winter. Investigations focusing on flowering of this species concluded it is a short day plant, with critical photoperiod of approximately 13 hours Barbosa et al. Population Size and Structure. This species forms dense stands Queensland Government, Although the nutritional requirements for H. It is likely, however, this this species thrives on other soils as well, particularly those where maize, groundnuts, wheat, and millet can be cultivated.

The green lynx spider Peucetia viridans has evolved a camouflage that resembles the colour, veins, and shape of the leaves and floral bracts of Hyptis suaveolens Aluri, This spider occupies the flowering cymes of H. It is also likely that the spider has developed mimicry to protect itself against predators Aluri, Environmental Requirements. This species does not tolerate water logging and has little tolerance to drought Wulff, According to Rivington , H. Aluri has reported an unidentified Katydid bush cricket resembling the leaves of H.

Cullen et al. Moreover, observations on herbivore susceptibility of this species by Queiroz-Voltan et al. The raspberry pyrausta moth Pyrausta insignatalis , for example, is probably well adapted to the plant and appears to be resistent to H.

This species is dispersed by water Cullen et al. Vector Transmission Biotic. The seeds of H. The mucilaginous coating of the seeds, when wet, adhere to potential vectors as well Merril, Accidental Introduction.

This species is spread as a contaminant of hay, as well as in mud on animal hooves, machinery, and vehicles Raizada, ; Cullen et al. Although the economic losses due to the invasion of H. In northwest India, the absence of several species of economic importance to local people in areas heavily invaded by S. Because of its unpalatability to livestock, H. Sharma et al.

Several economically important species were absent from invaded areas, but present in areas without H. It may also enhance the risk of forest fire in the dry seasons Murthy et al. In spite of its detrimental impacts, H. Economic Value. This species has a potential economic value for small farmers. In Southern Benin, both aqueous extracts and living specimens of H. In several parts of Asia, peasants use this species to protect livestock from vermin Handayani, The leaves can be used as a bedbug repellent.

Social Benefit. In many regions of Central America, the seeds of H. Moreover, antimicrobial, antifungal, hypoglycemic, antiinflamatory, and antioxidant activity has been found in this species Rojas Chavez and Vibrans, Outside of its native range, this species has also become an important useful species with applications similar to those of the Neotropics.

In Benin, this species is used externally in combination with other medicinal plants to treat jaundice, hyperthermia, haemorrhoids, breast abscess, oedemas and perianal candidiasis Adjanohoun et al. In Nigeria, this plant is used in the treatment of cougha, fever, and anemia Odugbemi, Handayani has listed some of the uses people give to this species in Asia: In several parts of the continent, leaves and stems are employed in the treatment of cuts, wounds, eczema, bruises, and other skin diseases.

In the Philippines, leaves are used externally to treat rheumatism, and internally as an antispasmodic. Leaves and roots are used as as insecticide and against rheumatism, respectively. In Papua New Guinea leaves are used internally to treat catarrh and fever.

In Indonesia, this species is used as a galactagogue. In Thailand, pounded leaves and branches are used as a lice repellent for chickens. The whole plant is occasionally used as fodder for livestock Handayani, Other uses include potential as a monitor of trace metals Pb, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cr in soil from automobiles Usman, Environmental Services.

Mandal et al. For this purpose, seeds preteated with boiling water low in pH 3. According to the Queensland Government , H.

Moreover, the leaves of M. Due to the variable regulations around de registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control.

Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label. Schwarzkopf et al. Control measures such as chemical and mechanical where it occurs as an agricultural weed are limited due to the overlapping growing season of the weed and crops. Evidence from Australia suggests that grazing in association with the use of perennial climbing legumes such as calopo, Calopogonium mucunoides provides effective control of H.

In contrast, mowing or slashing provides only temporary relief Parsons and Cuthbertson, Therefore, ploughing would be recommended only if seed production is controlled i. In this respect, Biosecurity Queensland recommends pulling isolated individuals and small infestations of H.

Parsons and Cuthbertson recommend grubbing and burning plants prior to seeding, paying attention to cut well down the root. Moreover, control of cropping areas should involve rotations that include tall-growing crops to shade out this species Parsons and Cuthbertson, Further, Schwarzkopf et al. Also no till practices would enhance control of the weed Schwarzkopf et al.

Biological Control. Efforts to control H. However, Cowie states that these attempts have been unsuccessful so far. In spite of the presumably high number of predators and pathogens of this species and their potential in reducing the density of H.

Pandey and Pandey collected strains of Phoma herbarum from diseased H. Chemical Control. According to Parsons and Cuthbertson , the use of chemicals provides the most effective method to control H. These authors recommend using an overall spray of amine or ester 2,4-D and spot spraying where applicable other herbicides such as dicamba, clopyralid and picloram based mixtures are also effective, but more expensive.

Moreover, all spraying should be done before plants flower, particularly with an early application followed by a secondary one to kill late-germinated seedlings Parsons and Cuthbertson, Aboh, B.

Belgian Journal of Botany, 2 , Journal of Applied Biosciences, , Adda, C. Potential use of the bushmint, Hyptis suaveolens, for the control of infestation by the pink stalk borer, Sesamia calamistis on maize in southern Benin, West Africa. Journal of Insect Science Madison , 11, Article Paris, France: Agence de cooperation culturelle et technique.

Aluri, R. The explosive pollination mechanism and mating system of the weedy Hyptis suaveolens Lamiaceae. Plant Species Biology, 5 2 , Anita Sharma, Batish, D. The impact of invasive Hyptis suaveolens on the floristic composition of the periurban ecosystems of Chandigarh, northwestern India. Flora Jena , , Archna Pandey, Pandey, A. Preliminary assessment of Phoma herbarum as a potential mycoherbicide against Hyptis suaveolens.

Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 17 1 , Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 6. Hyptis suaveolens. Barbosa, L. Chemical variability and biological activities of volatile oils from Hyptis suaveolens L. Biosecurity Queensland, Fact sheet. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species.

Cowie ID, Weed ecology. Flora of Pakistan, Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology, 5 2 , GBIF, Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Giradkar, P. Flora of Tadoba National Park. Indian Forester, 2 , Handayani RS, Hyptis Jacq. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No 12 3. Medicinal and poisonous plants.

Leiden, The Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers. Modeling potential invasion range of alien invasive species, Hyptis suaveolens L. Ecological Informatics, 22, Flora of Zimbabwe: Species information: Hyptis suaveolens. India Biodiversity Portal, Online Portal of India Biodiversity. Julien, M. Biological control of weeds in Australia, [ed. Arsenic biosorption by mucilaginous seeds of Hyptis suaveolens L. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 66, Merril E, Mesquita, M.

The infraspecific variability presented in this paper corresponds well with the results from both polymorphism in seed germination and differential rate of growth in plantlets of H. Mean chemical composition of essential oil of cluster III of H. Allured, Illinois. Ahmed, M. Composition of leaf oil of Hyptis suaveolens L. Oil Res. Akah, P. Nigerian plants with anti-convulsant property. Fitoterapia 64, 42— Asekun, O. Essential oil constituents of Hyptis suaveolens L.

Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens leaves. Fitoterapia 70, — Dunod, Paris. Imprensa Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. Costa, R. Antifungal activity of volative constituents of Eugenia dysenterica leaf oil. Craveiro, A. L, Din, L. Composition of the steam volatile oil from Hyptis suaveolens. Pertanika 11, — The essential oil of Hypis suaveolens Poit. Flavour Fragrance J.

Gottlieb, O. Essential oils of Amazonia, VII. Acta Amazonica 11, — Grayer, R. Infraspecific tax- onomy and essential oil chemotypes in sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum. Phytochemistry 43, — Harley, R.

Advances in Labiatae Science. Iwu, M. Antimicrobial activity and terpenoids of the essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens.

Crude Drug Res. Lebart, L. Luz, A. Essential oils of some Amazonian Labiatae, 1. Genus Hyptis. Mallavarapu, G. The essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens L. Pandey, D. Fungitoxic and phytotoxic properties of the essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens. Plant Dis. Salgueiro, L. Chemotaxon- omic study on Thymus villosus from Portugal. Singh, G. Fungitoxic activity of the volatile oil of Hyptis suaveolens. Fitoterapia 63, — Van Den Dool, H. Generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas-liquid partition chromatography.

Voirin, B. Ward, J. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Wulff, R. Intrapopulational variation in the germination of seeds in Hyptis suaveolens. Ecology 54, — Effects of irradiance, temperature, and water status on growth and photosynthetic capacity in Hyptis suaveolens.

Zollo-Amvam, P. Aromatic plants of tropical Central Africa. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of thirteen essential oils from aromatic plants of Cameroon. Related Papers Influence of growth phase on the essential oil composition of Hyptis suaveolens By farshid saadat. Chemical variability and biological activities of volatile oils from Hyptis suaveolens L.

Poit By Marcelo Polo.